《国际泥沙研究》2021年第五期

Papers Published in the International Journal of Sediment Research

Volume 36, No.5, 2021

Pages 567-685 (October 2021)

1. Self-Organizing Maps for identification of zeolitic diagenesis patterns in closed hydrologic systems on the Earth and its implications for Mars

Gayantha Roshana Loku KODIKARA; Lindsay MCHENRY
Pages 567-576

2. Mechanism of collision model for bedload transport
Chenwei ZHAO
Pages 577-581

3. Shoreline spatial and temporal response to natural and human effects in Boujagh National Park, Iran
Morteza KARIMI; Jamal MOHAMMAD VALI SAMANI; Mehdi MAZAHERI
Pages 582-592

4. Migration rate of river bends estimated by tree ring analysis for a meandering river in the source region of the Yellow River
Cheng LIU; An LIU; Yun HE; Yuehong CHEN
Pages 593-601

6. Adaptive criterion curves describing incipient motion of sediment under wave and current conditions
Shouqian LI; Yongjun LU; Dano J.A. ROELVINK
Pages 616-627

7. Effect of extracellular polymeric substances on the phosphorus adsorption characteristics of sediment particles
Huiming ZHAO; Yuefeng ZHANG; · Liqun TANG ; Zhenghui CUI ;· Bing LIU; Wei CHENG ;· Chuansheng GUO; · Dabin LIU ; Xiaowei GAO ;· Haochuan FENG
Pages 628-636

10. Erosion-control mechanism of sediment check dams on the Loess Plateau
Zhaoyin WANG; Zuyu CHEN; Shu YU; Qiang ZHANG; Yu WANG; Jianwei HAO
Pages 668-677

11. Critical shear stress approach for self-cleansing design of a rectangular channel
Charles Hin Joo BONG; San Chuin LIEW; Fang Yenn TEO; Tze Liang LAU; Aminuddin AB GHANI
Pages 678-685

1. Self-Organizing Maps for identification of zeolitic diagenesis patterns in closed hydrologic systems on the Earth and its implications for Mars
Gayantha Roshana Loku KODIKARA; Lindsay MCHENRY
Pages 567-576
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1001627921000202
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijsrc.2021.04.003
Abstract: We have conducted a survey of zeolite occurrences in saline-alkaline paleo lake deposits on Earth to identify the most prominent zeolite alteration patterns and to characterize the most common authigenic minerals and their paragenetic relationships. We collected the bulk mineral assemblages (from previous and our studies) as identified by X-ray diffraction from zeolitic tuff beds and associated sedimentary beds from thirteen paleo lake deposits from the USA, Mexico, Greece, and Tanzania. We applied the Kohonen Self-Organizing Maps (SOM) to look for interesting patterns in the tuff bed mineral assemblages without prescribing any specific interpretation, and for information reduction and classification. Decision Tree (DT) method was applied to characterize these clusters. We were able to define clear class boundaries between fresh glass, non-analcime zeolites, analcime, and K feldspar. The non-analcime zeolites were further grouped into several classes based on mineral type. We also discuss the potential implications for Mars, showing that the mineral assemblages of diagenetic facies identified by SOM and DT can be used to test or validate the orbital, in situ, or modeling results, while the trained SOM provides a robust generalized ability to classify the new mineral assemblage data into the most common diagenetic facies identified in saline-alkaline paleo environments that contain zeolites. The study concludes that generalizing the complex geochemical behaviors using unsupervised statistical learning methods can help to identify the most prominent geochemical behaviors.
Keywords: Zeolites; Self-Organizing Maps; Mars Paleo lakes; Diagenetic patterns;

2. Mechanism of collision model for bedload transport
Chenwei ZHAO
Pages 577-581
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1001627921000159
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijsrc.2021.03.001
Abstract: The current study introduces a new particle–particle collision model as well as a classical particle–wall collision model to simulate the process of bedload transport. Large eddy simulation and two-way coupling Lagrangian point–particle models also are applied. Flow conditions for all simulations are done based on previous experiments and four comparison cases are studied. The bedload function result obtained using this model agrees with the previous studies, which proves that the model is reasonable and effective in dealing with bedload transport in turbulent flow. Otherwise, failure to consider the particle–particle collision, Basset force, or Saffman lift force in the model lead to underestimating the bedload transport rate.
Keywords: Bedload transport; Collision model; Lagrangian point-particle model; Turbulent flow;

3. Shoreline spatial and temporal response to natural and human effects in Boujagh National Park, Iran
Morteza KARIMI; Jamal MOHAMMAD VALI SAMANI; Mehdi MAZAHERI
Pages 582-592
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1001627921000068
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijsrc.2021.02.004
Abstract: Shoreline variation and river deltas are among the most dynamic systems in marine environments. The related different variations in spatial and temporal scales play significant roles in land planning and different management applications. Modeling the dynamics of seashore of Boujagh National Park (BNP) which is located on the southern coast of the Caspian Sea in the Sefidrud Delta (SD), considering natural and anthropogenic factors, was the main objective of the current study. To achieve this goal, a combination of remote sensing data, historical data, and numerical simulations was utilized. The BNP covers an area of 3,270 ha and includes two international wetlands, Boujagh and Kiashahr. In earlier periods, this area faced severe morphological changes whereas recently its shoreline has experienced gradual variations. Accordingly, at the first stage, the shoreline variation from 2006 to 2017 was extracted by processing and classifying Operational Land Imager (OLI) and Thematic Mapper (TM) images from Landsat satellites using the Maximum Likelihood approach. In the second stage, the two dimensional MIKE21 model was utilized to identify wave and coastal current patterns and parameters for the year 2015. Morphologically, the results showed that, the shoreline of the BNP is affected by several natural and anthropogenic factors. Seaward advancement of the shoreline occurred in zones A (east zone) and C (west zone) due to Caspian Sea Level drop and sedimentation while retreating occurred at Zone B (north zone) influenced by wave and current patterns and reduction of the Sefidrud River flows. Also, the results imply that maintaining the existing conditions results in the disappearance of a considerable part of the ecological area in the BNP. Hence, to manage and preserve the coastline of the BNP complying with the current anthropogenic and natural factors, it is vital to take necessary management measures.
Keywords: Shoreline dynamics; Boujagh National Park; Remote sensing; MIKE21; Wave and current

4. Migration rate of river bends estimated by tree ring analysis for a meandering river in the source region of the Yellow River
Cheng LIU; An LIU; Yun HE; Yuehong CHEN
Pages 593-601
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1001627921000184
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijsrc.2021.04.001
Abstract: Meandering rivers have dynamic evolution characteristics of lateral migration and longitudinal creeping movement, and studies on the migration rate of meandering rivers have both scientific and practical significance for understanding the evolution process. A river source region often is sparsely populated and lacks long-term monitoring data, making it difficult to estimate the migration rate of river bends. In the source region of the Yellow River, located in the northeastern part of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, China, meandering rivers have extensively developed. Combined with field investigation and sampling in the source region in 2016 and 2017, 9 river bends in the middle Baihe River were selected to attempt estimation of migration rates of the river bends using tree ring analysis. The tree core and disc samples were collected using an increment borer and a crosscut saw, and the ages of the trees were estimated based on tree ring analysis. A method for estimating the migration rate of river bends based on the relation between positions and ages of trees grown on the point bars in inner banks is proposed. The estimated migration rates of the 9 river bends of the Baihe River ranged 0.38–6.10 m/yr, and the migration rates were found to be related to the flow rate, channel slope, height of the outer bank, and width of the river valley. The maximum migration rate was determined to be at the No. 9 River Bend where the ratio of the meander-bend radius to the channel width (R/W) was 2.31, which is consistent with previous findings that the bend migration is most rapid in the ‘migration phase’. The proposed method for estimating the migration rate of river bends provides a potential alternative option for future study on the morphodynamic process of a meandering river.
Keywords: Yellow River source region; River bend; Migration rate; Tree ring analysis

5. Key morphological changes and their linkages with stream power and land-use changes in the Upper Tapi River basin, India
Resmi Saseendran RAMANI; Prem Lal PATEL; Prafulkumar Vasharambhai TIMBADIYA
Pages 602-615
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1001627921000172
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijsrc.2021.03.003
Abstract: Knowledge on spatio-temporal variations in planform, hydraulic geometry, and bed-level variations of alluvial streams is required for planning and development of hydraulic structures and bank protection works. In the current study, a Geographic Information System (GIS) has been used to analyze topographical maps, multi-temporal remotely sensed imagery, and hydrologic and hydraulic data to extract the morphological parameters of the Upper Tapi River, India. The river has been found to have consistent migration towards the northern direction, with erosion/deposition on right/left banks. The river has not experienced any major meander except in the lower reaches of the Upper Tapi Gorge and minor braiding conditions at the location where the river emerges from mountainous topography to the plain region. The analyzed river cross sections were found to be depth dominated, and contain large flows within the channel banks. The cross-sections exhibited moderate channel bed adjustments in 1994, 2006, and 2007 wherein excessive sediment flux and stream power were capable of causing morphological changes in the river. High intensity rainfall in the subcatchment resulted in high sediment flux into the river during 1994, which was reported to cause significant aggradation at the down gauging station. The analysis of sediment flux into the river in conjunction with decadal land use land cover, revealed that sediment yield from the catchment was reduced during 2000–2010 due to an increase in water bodies in the form of minor hydraulic structures. The entry of comparatively less sediment laden water into the river, resulted in moderate bed degradation especially in 2006 and 2007 as observed at the downstream station. The methodology applied in the current study is generic in nature and can be applied to other rivers to identify their morphological issues.
Keywords: Planform; Hydraulic geometry; Hatnur reservoir; Land use/land cover; Sediment yield

6. Adaptive criterion curves describing incipient motion of sediment under wave and current conditions
Shouqian LI; Yongjun LU; Dano J.A. ROELVINK
Pages 616-627
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1001627921000160
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijsrc.2021.03.002
Abstract: Sediment incipient motion is a fundamental issue in sediment transport theory and engineering practice. Whilst Shields curve often is used to determine the threshold of sediment movement under unidirectional current conditions, it is unclear whether it can be directly applied for the wave or combined wave-current conditions. The study developed adaptive criterion curves describing incipient motion of sediment under wave and current conditions based on the flow pattern around the sediment particles. Firstly, the flow pattern law for fixed particles was recognized based on the friction law under various dynamic conditions (wave, current, and their combinations), and the flow pattern demarcations for incipient sediment motion were obtained with the threshold conditions for sediment movement under various dynamic conditions combined. Secondly, the exact shape of the Shields curve in each flow regime was derived under the current condition. By combining the flow pattern demarcations for incipient sediment motion under the wave condition, the criterion curve under the wave condition was derived. By combining the flow pattern demarcations for incipient sediment motion under the combined current-wave condition, the criterion curve for sediment incipient motion under the combined current-wave condition was derived. The results indicated that the flow pattern around incipient particles includes laminar, laminar-rough turbulent transition, and rough turbulent regimes. The criterion curves for sediment incipient motion under various dynamic conditions stayed the same in the laminar and rough turbulent regimes, but different in the transition regime. Depending on the relative strengths of the currents and waves, the shape of the criterion curve under the combined current-wave condition transitions adaptively between the criterion curve under the current condition and the criterion curve under the wave conditions.
Keywords: Current Wave; Incipient motion of sediment; Adaptive criterion curve; Flow pattern law

7. Effect of extracellular polymeric substances on the phosphorus adsorption characteristics of sediment particles
Huiming ZHAO; Yuefeng ZHANG; Liqun TANG; Zhenghui CUI; Bing LIU; Wei CHENG ; Chuansheng GUO; Dabin LIU; Xiaowei GAO; Haochuan FENG
Pages 628-636
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S100162792100007X
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijsrc.2021.02.005
Abstract: Extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) have a great impact on the characteristics of sediment particles and their environmental effects in hydro-environmental systems, yet little effort has been made to study the considerable variability in the element adsorption process of sediment particles caused by EPS. Understanding the variability of the adsorption characteristics of sediment particles associated with EPS and quantifying the scale of the adsorption isotherm parameters are important for understanding how EPS mediate sediment properties and environmental factors. In this paper, isothermal equilibrium adsorption experiments are done on phosphorus to study the influence of EPS on the adsorption characteristics of sediment particles, and the Langmuir adsorption isotherm is applied to analyze the adsorption rule of sediment particles under the impact of EPS. The current research demonstrates that significant differences will take place in the adsorption characteristics of sediments coated with EPS at different development phases and the phosphorus adsorption capacity of sediment particles increases with the growth of EPS. The difference in the adsorption percentage between sediment particles coated with EPS of 0 and 6 weeks growth time is about 42%–60% for different initial aqueous phosphorus concentration. A formula describing the adsorption isotherm parameter of the maximum material (element) adsorption capacity of sediment particles change over time is further proposed based on the experimental data. The current study provides some evidence for the interaction of sediment particles, EPS, and adsorbed elements in the water environment.
Keywords: Sediment particles; Extracellular polymeric substances (EPS); Phosphorus; Langmuir adsorption isotherm;

8. Simulation of particles settling in power-law fluids by combined lattice Boltzmann-smoothed profile methods
Hamideh ROUHANI TAZANGI; Ataallah SOLTANI GOHARRIZI; Ebrahim JAHANSHAHI JAVARAN
Pages 637-655
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1001627921000020
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijsrc.2021.02.001
Abstract: In the current study, the settling, interaction, drafting, kissing, and tumbling of two identical and non-identical circular particles were simulated in a two-dimensional box in shear-thinning, Newtonian, and shear-thickening fluids by using the combined lattice Boltzmann-smoothed profile methods. Furthermore, the drag coefficient of one particle settling for different power-law indexes and Archimedes numbers was calculated. Also, the effect of the diameter ratio of the two particle pairs was considered during settling. The developed method was validated by simulating the settling of one particle and two identical particles in a Newtonian fluid. To consider two non-identical particles, two cases were examined. In Case A, the larger particle was above the smaller one and in the Case B, the smaller particle was above the larger one. The results showed that the two non-identical particles were separated more easily than the identical ones. In the settling of two particles under the same Archimedes number, the drafting and kissing time considerably increased by changing the non-Newtonian fluid behavior from a shear-thinning one to a shear-thickening one. Also, when the larger particle was above the smaller one, the time duration of the kissing stage increased with the decrease in the diameter ratio.
Keywords: Lattice Boltzmann method; Smoothed profile method; DKT phenomenon; Power-law fluids; Particulate flow; Drag coefficient;

9. Geochemical modeling, fate distribution, and risk exposure of potentially toxic metals in the surface sediment of the Shyok suture zone, northern Pakistan
Liaqat ALI; Abdur RASHID; Seema Anjum KHATTAK; Xubo GAO ; Shah JEHAN Asif JAVED
Pages 656-667
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1001627921000081
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijsrc.2021.02.006
Abstract: The objective of the current study was to assess the contamination of potentially toxic metals (PTMs) in weathered surface sediment, along stream tributaries, and surrounding area of the river Chitral, Shyok suture zone district Chitral, Pakistan. To understand the geochemical features of 113 sediment, samples were collected from the Mirkhani and Drosh area. Then, different statistical tools including the geo-accumulation index (Igeo), cluster analysis (CA), principal component analysis (PCA), and ecological risk assessment (ERA) were used to unravel the origin, intensity, and exposure level of PTMs to control risk and restore the ecosystem within the study area. The results for the PTMs namely nickle (Ni), chromium (Cr), copper (Cu), cadmium (Cd), lead (Pb), zinc (Zn), and cobalt (Co) in Mirkhani and Drosh were in the following ranges: 10–150, 15–210, 15–250, 0.08–1.00, 10–70, 76–240 and 14–51; and 13–240, 17–210, 15–150, 0.08–0.60, 7–140, 47–150 and 13–36 mg/kg, respectively. In consequence, the potential ecological risk caused by Pb, Ni, Cu, Co, Cr, and Zn is reflected by the percentages of samples with an ecological risk index (ERI) greater than one which were 100%, 91%, 100%, 100%, 92%, and 100%, respectively. However, the overall mean decreasing order of ecological risk of PTMs in the district Chitral was Pb > Ni > Cu > Co > Cr > Zn > Cd. Moreover, the PCA yielded 78% variability which indicated that mineral prospects play an important role in the contamination of sediment. Furthermore, the mineral phases of Pb and Zn suggested supersaturation, while that for Cd revealed unsaturation. The results of Igeo, ERI, and CA indicated contamination of PTMs in the study area. The ERI value of Pb, Ni, Cu, Co, Cr, and Zn was higher than 1 suggesting an ecological risk in the study area. Moreover, the current study showed the dominance of geogenic contamination with major contributions from ultramafic rock and known mineral prospects. Therefore, contaminated sediment of the Shyok suture zone is extremely detrimental to the aquatic ecosystem of the study area.
Keywords: Geochemical modeling; Surface sediment; Potentially toxic metals; Geo accumulation index; Ecological risk; Shyok suture zone;

10. Erosion-control mechanism of sediment check dams on the Loess Plateau
Zhaoyin WANG ; Zuyu CHEN ; Shu YU ; Qiang ZHANG ; Yu WANG ; Jianwei HAO
Pages 668-677
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1001627921000032
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijsrc.2021.02.002
Abstract: Severe soil erosion occurs on the Loess Plateau in China, which makes the Yellow River the most sediment-laden river in the world. Construction of about 60,000 sediment check dams has remarkably controlled soil erosion on the Loess Plateau and reduced the sediment load of the middle and lower Yellow River. Nonetheless, little is known about the mechanism of erosion control and vegetation development of sediment check dams. The function of a single check dam mainly is trapping sediment, while the function of a train of check dams comprising dozens of or over hundreds of check dams in a gully encompasses controlling bed incision and reducing erosion energy. A formula was proposed to calculate the potential energy of bank failure and slope failure in a gully, which essentially constitutes the erosion energy. The erosion energy increases when gully incision occurs, which is induced by the incision of the Yellow River and its tributaries on the Loess Plateau. Sediment deposition in many gullies due to construction of check dams reduces the erosion energy to almost zero, which in turn greatly reduces soil erosion and sediment yield. Construction of check dams promotes vegetation development. The vegetation-erosion dynamics model was used to study the effect of check dams on vegetation development. Simulation results show that reforestation without check dam construction might result in an increase of vegetation cover in the first ten years and then a drop of vegetation cover to less than 10% in the later years. The check dams provide a foundation for vegetation development.
Keywords: Loess plateau; Check dam; Energy of soil erosion; Vegetation-erosion dynamics; Gully incision;

11. Critical shear stress approach for self-cleansing design of a rectangular channel
Charles Hin Joo BONG ; San Chuin LIEW; Fang Yenn TEO; Tze Liang LAU ; Aminuddin AB GHANI
Pages 678-685
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1001627921000044
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijsrc.2021.01.002
Abstract: The current study aims at the development of an incipient motion equation and a self-cleansing design chart based on the critical shear stress approach for a rectangular channel. Data from previous experimental work on incipient motion for rectangular flumes were subjected to multiple linear regression analysis. Selected regression models were further assessed through cross validation using the remaining data from the previous experimental work and a performance test using another three sets of existing data from the literature. The best regression model from the current study was found to perform much better than two of the existing equations in the literature by Novak and Nalluri and El-Zaemey with respect to having 95% of the predicted values fall within the acceptable discrepancy ratio range of 0.5–2.0. The equations by Novak and Nalluri and El-Zaemey only managed to have 10% and 16%, respectively, of the predicted values fall within the acceptable discrepancy ratio. The developed best regression model has a coefficient of determination value of 0.9960, adjusted coefficient of determination value of 0.9960, predicted coefficient of determination value of 0.9958, mean square error (MSE) value of 0.0004, and Mallow's value of 3.0. The best regression model was further chosen to develop a self-cleansing design chart for rectangular channels. The design chart which relates the minimum sewer slope with the minimum critical shear stress, , for the respective standard rectangular channel size of an open channel system could be used to check and determine the suitable minimum slope for self-cleansing design purposes.
Keywords: Design chart; Incipient motion equation; Open channel system; Rectangular channel; Self-cleansing; Shear stress