《国际泥沙研究》2023年第4期出版

Papers Published in the International Journal of Sediment Research

Volume 38, No.4, 2023

Pages 481-628 (August 2023)

1. Spatio-temporal suspended sediment fingerprinting under different land management practices
Maziar Mohammadi, Abdulvahed Khaledi Darvishan, Nader Bahramifar, Seyed Jalil Alavi

2. Base flow separation for soil erosion simulation in a granitic forested headwater catchment using a process-based model, GeoWEPP
Takuhei Yamasaki, Shoichiro Hamamoto, Taku Nishimura

3. Impact of the Yellow River capture on the paleoenvironmental changes of Hongze Lake, China
Hongwu Tang, Ming Gao, Saiyu Yuan, Huiming Zhang, ... Kun Zhang

5. Simulation of submerged granular flows by development of a two-phase incompressible explicit mesh-free method
Tibing Xu, Shuangke Sun, Peng Wu

7. A new concept to forecast the process of suspended sediment accumulation in the bottom sediment of small reservoirs
Maksymilian Cie?la, Renata Gruca-Rokosz, Lilianna Bartoszek

10. Numerical modeling of local scour of non-uniform graded sediment for two arrangements of pile groups
Saeid Okhravi, Saeed Gohari, Mahdi Alemi, Rodrigo Maia

1. Spatio-temporal suspended sediment fingerprinting under different land management practices
Maziar Mohammadi, Abdulvahed Khaledi Darvishan, Nader Bahramifar, Seyed Jalil Alavi
Pages 481-493
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijsrc.2023.02.003
Abstract: Understanding spatio-temporal suspended sediment dynamics is more important in large watersheds due to the decisive role of local source apportionment in sediment transport and yield. The Talar River with a large mountainous watershed in northern Iran, which plays a vital role in water supply for agriculture and drinking, recently has faced quality degradation. The current study explores the relative contribution of suspended sediment sources using geochemical tracers and fingerprinting techniques in high and low flow periods along this river. Soil samples were collected from four major land uses including rangeland, forest, rainfed agriculture, and irrigated agriculture, as well as riverbanks and riparian zones along the main river. Furthermore, suspended sediment was sampled at four sampling points along the main river in two seasons. Land use apportionment in suspended sediment yield was calculated using an unmixing model included in a newly developed package (FingerPro) in high flow and low flow, separately. The fingerprinting results showed a highly spatio-temporal dynamic for sediment source contribution along the main river in high and low flow periods. Natural land uses (forest and rangeland) in upstream reaches and agricultural land uses and riverbank sources in downstream reaches showed higher contributions to suspended sediment yield. The mean contribution of various land uses for both high and low flow periods indicated substantial contributions from forest (34%–41%) and riverbanks (31%–33%). The significant difference in sediment geochemical properties for the two flow seasons highlights the important role of the prevailing climatic-hydrologic condition on river sediment. Moreover, this issue indicates that sediment source contributions and transfer mechanisms are highly dynamic in Talar River watershed. The current study outcomes provide essential knowledge to create a robust strategy for mitigation of river sediment pollution.
Keywords: Land use; River water quality; Sediment fingerprinting; Sustainability; Unmixing model

2. Base flow separation for soil erosion simulation in a granitic forested headwater catchment using a process-based model, GeoWEPP
Takuhei Yamasaki, Shoichiro Hamamoto, Taku Nishimura
Pages 494-502
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijsrc.2023.04.003
Abstract: Distributed erosion models, which simulate the physical processes of water flow and soil erosion, are effective for predicting soil erosion in forested catchments. Although subsurface flow through multiple pathways is dominant for runoff generation in forested headwater catchments, the process-based erosion model, Geo-spatial interface for Water Erosion Prediction Project (GeoWEPP), does not have an adequate subsurface component for the simulation of hillslope water flow. In the current study, the quick flow related to soil erosion during rainfall events is separated from the total hydrograph using base flow separation for GeoWEPP to use direct runoff to predict sediment discharge from a granitic-forested catchment in Japan. Water runoff and sediment discharge also are simulated using the conventional method that reproduces the total hydrograph, and the accuracy of the calculation and estimated erodibility parameters are evaluated. The proposed procedure reproduced the quick-flow runoff during rainfall and the cumulative sediment discharge from the catchment. Simultaneously, the proposed procedure overestimates water runoff during extreme weather events, such as typhoons. The estimated erodibility parameters for the hillslope soil were comparable to those of the surface soil in Japan using both the proposed procedure and the conventional one. Conversely, the channel erodibility obtained from the proposed procedure matched the observed sediment characteristics in the granitic forested catchment. The proposed procedure is a promising method to predict sediment discharge from forested catchments based on the geological features of the catchment.
Keywords: Soil erosion; Base flow separation; GeoWEPP; Headwater catchment; Forest

3. Impact of the Yellow River capture on the paleoenvironmental changes of Hongze Lake, China
Hongwu Tang, Ming Gao, Saiyu Yuan, Huiming Zhang,Yang Xiao, Kun Zhang
Pages 503-515
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijsrc.2023.02.002
Abstract: The Yellow River (YR) capture of the Huai River had a profound effect on the landscape evolution, ecology, and social development in China, disrupting the evolution of some vital shallow floodplain lakes. Because of the absence of lacustrine sediment provenance analysis, previous studies were inadequate in distinguishing the influence of YR capture on paleoenvironmental changes in these lakes, especially on landscape evolution, redox conditions, lake level changes, and organic productivity. The current study aims to use X-ray fluorescence-core scanning (XRF-CS) and multivariate statistics on a 9.8 m sediment core from Hongze Lake (HZL), China, to analyze the impact of the YR capture on the lake's paleoenvironmental changes and the sediment provenance simultaneously. High-resolution images, magnetic susceptibility, and XRF-based multi-element data were obtained using a GEOTEK Multi-Sensor Core Logger. The calcium (Ca) content indicates the presence of YR sediment in HZL, given the high Ca content in YR sediment and the identification of mainly exogenous sources of Ca in HZL. The high values of Ca indicate that 48.7% of the sediment in the center of HZL is related to the YR's incursion. Periods of higher Ca content coincide with periods of higher oxygenation levels of the lake (as indicated by the ratio of manganese to titanium) and lower organic content in the lake sediment (as indicated by the ratio of incoherent to coherent scatter). These analyses reveal that the YR's capture of HZL significantly increased the lake's oxygen level. Furthermore, the decrease in the organic content of sediment tends to be the result of the accelerated deposition caused by the YR. The decrease in Ca content coincides with an increase in lake levels (as indicated by magnetic susceptibility). Thus, it can be inferred that the embankment on the eastern side of HZL, built to increase lake storage, has reduced the incursion frequency of the YR.
Keywords: Yellow River capture; Paleo environmental reconstruction; XRF-CS; Hongze Lake

4. Pattern of spatial variability in granulometric and mineralogical characteristics across an ecologically sensitive sub-tropical wetland (Bihar, India)
Alvia Aslam, Rajesh Kumar Ranjan, Avinash Dass
Pages 516-529
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijsrc.2023.02.004
Abstract: Floodplain wetlands are dynamic systems undergoing frequent hydro-sedimentological changes. Tropical/subtropical wetlands have even more pronounced climatic and biological influences on the sediment dynamics. In the current study, a protected subtropical wetland in Bihar (India) has been assessed for its sedimentary and mineralogical status. Sediment characteristics and associated granulometric parameters are discussed to highlight the wetland's hydrogeomorphic character, energy dimension, and the depositional processes taking place. Statistical grain size parameters like graphic mean, graphic skewness, graphic kurtosis, and their interrelations studies have helped in understanding the sources of deposited materials. Multivariate statistics have identified, sand fractions, measures of central tendencies (mean, median, and mode), percent organic matter (%OM) and percent carbonates (%carbonates) as primary factors explaining the maximum variance in the data. The non-parametric Kruskal–Wallis test has identified %sand, %clay, electrical conductivity (EC), and %carbonates as the major factors responsible for significant spatial variability. The grain texture analysis shows that the majority of samples fall in the brackets of clayey silt; silty sand; and sand, silt, and clay. Common mineral components associated with these are quartz, feldspar, clay minerals, etc. The range for the mean grain size lies between 3Φ to 9Φ (Φ is diameter of the sediments) where most of the grain size distributions are symmetrically to fine symmetrically skewed, indicating intermediate energy to adjust to environmental conditions. The granulometric and physicochemical characteristics of the sediment samples also indicate the directional distribution pattern of sediment along the hydrological pathway. Future studies concentrating on the fluvial discharges of water and sediment will be highly insightful in reconstructing the past net sediment accumulation processes in the Baraila Wetland.
Keywords: Grain size analysis; Hydrodynamic energy; Mineralogy; Allogenic source; Terrigenous input; Wetland

5. Simulation of submerged granular flows by development of a two-phase incompressible explicit mesh-free method
Tibing Xu, Shuangke Sun, Peng Wu
Pages 530-542
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijsrc.2023.03.004
Abstract: The interaction between fluid and sediment particles is widely involved in hydraulic engineering problems. In the current study, an explicit incompressible mesh-free method in the framework of the Moving Particle Semi-implicit (MPS) method is proposed to simulate the interaction between the two phases in submerged conditions. The proposed method solves two sets of the continuity and momentum equations, respectively, for the fluid phase and the sediment phase according to the mixture theory. In the method, the pressure and velocity fields are explicitly calculated for the sediment phase with the solid concentration obtained from the mixture theory, in which a rheology model is used to account for the viscosity and shear stress. The governing equations for the fluid are solved using the predictor–corrector time-splitting scheme and the resulting Poisson equation for pressure is calculated using an explicit scheme. In each loop, the discretized points move according to the velocity of the fluid in the mesh-free Lagrangian approach. The proposed method is used to simulate the submerged granular flows including submerged granular column collapse, submerged granular sliding on slopes, and erodible dam-break flow. In the simulations, the parameters of particle distance and collision distance in the numerical method are investigated. It is found that the flow characteristics in the granular flows are reflected by the proposed method and the simulated free surface and water–sediment interface profiles are in good agreement with experimental observations.
Keywords: Mesh-free method; Explicit method; Mixture theory; Sediment transport; Water-sediment interface

6. Geographic distribution of arsenic contamination in the Himalayan Rivers flowing through Pakistan: Implications for its natural source and effects of anthropogenic activities
Ishtiaque Hussain, Hafiz Ur. Rehman, Takaaki Itai, Junaid Ali Khattak, Abida Farooqi
Pages 543-555
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijsrc.2023.04.001
Abstract: Arsenic (As) in natural hydrological systems is known as a worldwide major environmental concern. A geochemical and sedimentological study was done to ascertain the origin and geographical distribution of As in surface water and fluvial sediment collected from the floodplains/basins of the River Indus and its four major tributaries that drain through the northern Pakistan. The hydrogeochemical compositions of all five rivers were similar with calcium (Ca²⁺) and bicarbonate (HCO₃^?) being the dominating ions. The concentration of As ranged from 0.62–24.05 μg/L (average 3.7 ± 3.5 μg/L, n =61) in river water, 2.3–23.4 mg/kg (average 5.7 ± 3.9 mg/kg) in suspended sediment, and 2.0–13 mg/kg (average 4.13 ± 2.3 mg/kg) in fluvial sediment. Various approaches were used, including mineralogical, sequential extraction, geochemical, and statistical analyses to investigate the distribution, behavior, and potential sources of As in the sediment. The effect of geological factors on the distribution of As was also studied. No noticeable changes in the relative abundance of minerals were observed in the sediment at different locations along the river. Both mineralogical and statistical analyses showed that silicate minerals like muscovite, biotite, and chloride are the main As reservoir while oxides minerals like hematite and magnetite, which are minor components in the sediment are second largest As carrier. A geochemical baseline, using the normalization and cumulative frequency distribution curves was constructed for As. The estimated mean human contribution of As was 3.4% in the Indus River, 1.9% in the Jhelum River, 13.7% in the Chenab River, 17.5% in the Ravi River and 5.4% in the Sutlej River, indicating relatively higher effects of anthropogenic activity along the Chenab River and Ravi River. The almost negligible effects of anthropogenic activities were additionally confirmed through the pollution assessment parameters estimated from the geo-enrichment, contamination factors, and accumulation index analyses. The current data suggest that As transported by the Indus River and its major tributaries is accumulated in the sediment and is potentially incorporated in the sedimentary aquifers situated along the Indus Basin and surrounding areas. Based on the current study, it is concluded that the source of As is dominantly geogenic whereas the role of anthropogenic activities is considered negligible except along the Ravi River which showed relatively a higher percentage (17.5%) of human or industrial contribution.
Keywords: Arsenic; Indus basin; Geochemical baseline; Source; Contamination assessment

7. A new concept to forecast the process of suspended sediment accumulation in the bottom sediment of small reservoirs
Maksymilian Cie?la, Renata Gruca-Rokosz, Lilianna Bartoszek
Pages 556-565
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijsrc.2023.03.003
Abstract: The new concept presented for forecasting the rate of accumulation of suspended sediment in reservoir water in the bottom sediment allows reasonable estimates of the siltation process globally, regionally, or locally, to be obtained without the need for costly research. The method draws on three key parameters, i.e., the concentration of suspended sediments (SS), and its organic matter (OMSS) content, as well as the storage capacity (VR) (i.e., the water storage in the reservoir). All of these parameters easy to determine, with information on them, in fact, made widely available by most agencies managing reservoirs in different parts of the world. In practice, the proposed method can represent a missing link in the precise determination of a reservoirs rate of siltation (and hence, losses of storage capacity).
Keywords: Sediment accumulation; Suspended sediment; Organic matter; Storage reservoirs; Siltation rates; Water resources

8. Natural sediment at a dam and its inorganic materials as adsorbents of praseodymium (Pr(III))
Melania Jiménez-Reyes, Jaime Jiménez-Becerril, Marcos Solache-Ríos, Perla Tatiana Almazán-Sánchez
Pages 566-575
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijsrc.2023.02.005
Abstract: The sediment deposited behind a dam (DS) and its inorganic materials (IM-DS) were characterized and used for the removal of praseodymium (Pr) from aqueous solutions. Quartz, albite, and kaolinite were found in the sediment by X-ray diffraction. Kinetic data fit well to a pseudo second-order model, the equilibrium time for DS and IM-DS was 2 h and 3 min, respectively, and the adsorption capacity was higher for Pr/DS (q_e = 4.91 mg/g) than for Pr/IM-DS (q_e = 3.01 mg/g) in these conditions. Pr/DS and Pr/IM-DS data isotherms were in agreement with the Langmuir–Freundlich model and the maximum adsorption capacities were 4.95 and 4.01 mg/g, respectively. Both processes are exothermic (enthalpy change, ΔH⁰ = ?22.8 and ?21.8 kJ/mol for DS and IM-DS, respectively), the increase of the randomness is small, and the feasibility and spontaneity are low. Praseodymium was desorbed by ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid disodium (EDTA-Na₂), sodium chloride, nitric, citric, and humic acids solutions, and one hundred percent of praseodymium was desorbed by the EDTA-Na₂ solution. The Pr₂(EDTA)₃ (praseodymium ethylenediaminetetraacetate) complex was completely desorbed from both materials (DS and IM-DS). Distribution coefficients (K_D) depend upon praseodymium concentration, temperature, pH, and the kind of adsorbent. Chemical reactions of praseodymium with kaolinite and iron minerals could explain the adsorption.
Keywords: Praseodymium; Sediment; Adsorption process parameters; Desorption

9. Provenance, depositional process, and tectonic setting of gold placer from the Bétaré-Oya Gold District (East-Cameroon, Central Africa) along the Precambrian Sanaga fault
Milan Stafford Tchouatcha, Arnaud Patrice Kouske, Primus Azinwi Tamfuh, Epimarc Gildas Tchameni Ngouabe, Gerald Chuye Yango
Pages 576-596
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijsrc.2023.03.002
Abstract: The Bétaré-Oya Gold District is one of the three gold districts in East Cameroon with varied types of mining. The study site is an open-cast mine located in an alluvial plain. The strata succession globally consists of two positive sequences represented by three facies associations and seven lithofacies: massive clast-supported (Gcm), massive trough-cross bedded (Gtm), and massive matrix-supported (Gmm) conglomerates; massive sands (Sm); and massive (Fm), heterolothic (Fhl), and convolute and heterolithic (Fhlc) clays. The facies analysis indicates deposition after a recent tectonic event creating a depression, followed by a rapid deposition of varied facies and energies of sedimentation with fluvial and gravity inputs. The deposits come from proximal to distal sources but more proximal. The identified heavy mineral or accompanying minerals reveal a plutonic source (tourmaline sometimes folded), a volcanic source (olivine or clino-pyroxene with cracks), and a metamorphic source (sillimanite, andalusite, and staurolite). In the pan concentrates of placer with high silver (Ag) concentration (100 ppm) are also associated with relative abundance of lead (Pb) (17.8 ppm), zinc (Zn) (27 ppm), and low levels of copper (Cu) (3.1 ppm). The concentration and distribution of some element ratios, such as thorium/scandium (Th/Sc), chromium/thorium (Cr/Th), and europium anomaly (Eu/Eu?), rare earth elements (REEs) and aluminum oxide/titanium dioxide (Al₂O₃/TiO₂) vs. silicon dioxide (SiO₂) plots for the studied sediment indicate heterogeneous sources of rocks with dominance of felsic sources. The discriminant diagram reveals a recycled or sedimentary provenance of the deposited sediments. The tectonic setting plot indicates a collision tectonic setting which is consistent with the Precambrian history of the study area which belongs to the Pan-African North-Equatorial fold Belt. The gold deposits in the Bétaré-Oya area probably derive from several sources, such as a vein source (from magmatic and metamorphic processes of the Neoproterozoic age) and a sedimentary source (from remobilization of ante-Neoproterozoic rocks of Archean and Paleoproterozoic age), deposited during the Cenozoic period linked to the reactivation of the Precambrian Sanaga fault. These are likely associated with a supergene source as indicated by the presence of dissolution microstructures. The cases of detrital gold deposits from several sources has been reported for the Serpont gold deposits in South-East Belgium, and those associated with authigenic forms are known in Poland, New Zealand, and Tanzania.
Keywords: Provenance; Gold placer; Sedimentology; Geochemistry; Cameroon

10. Numerical modeling of local scour of non-uniform graded sediment for two arrangements of pile groups
Saeid Okhravi, Saeed Gohari, Mahdi Alemi, Rodrigo Maia
Pages 597-614
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijsrc.2023.04.002
Abstract: A three-dimensional (3D) non-hydrostatic numerical model is established to investigate local scour around four aligned circular piles in uniform and non-uniform sediment mixtures and to provide information for improving scour countermeasures design. In the current study, unsteady Reynolds averaged Navier–Stokes (URANS) equations along with a Re-normalization Group (RNG) k–ε model were applied to simulate the flow field. A non-uniform sediment transport model was applied to estimate the bedload transport. The simulations lasted up to 8 h. The laboratory results of a reference single pile case in uniform and non-uniform sediment were utilized to validate the simulation results of bed elevation changes and time evolution of scour depth and reflected a good agreement. The influence of pile spacing for two arrangements of pile groups, one column (tandem) and two columns (non-tandem) of four aligned piles, on spatial/temporal variations of the bed surface in both sediment bed configurations are discussed in detail. The results reveal the significant effects of the pile spacing on the flow field and patterns of scour hole formation and sediment deposition. In general, lower pile spacing results in more scour upstream of the front pile(s) and shifts deposition more downstream due to the existence of higher energy in the wake region of the piles for both sediment types. Side scouring dominates for non-uniform sediment around each pile due to flow deviating because of the presence of relatively larger particles in front of the pile(s). For non-uniform sediment, deposition begins to develop at the exit area of the scour hole and enhances boundary resistance to scour. The knowledge gained from this study is suitable for the accurate determination of riprap dimensions around the front pile(s) and rear piles in a pile group.
Keywords: Local bridge pier scour; Non-uniform sediment; Numerical modeling; Pile groups; Pile spacing; Sediment transport

11. Exploring the potential of artificial intelligence techniques in prediction of the removal efficiency of vortex tube silt ejector
Sanjeev Kumar, Chandra Shekhar Prasad Ojha, Nand Kumar Tiwari, Subodh Ranjan
Pages 615-627
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijsrc.2023.03.001
Abstract: A vortex tube silt ejector is a curative hydraulic structure used to remove sediment deposits from canals and is recognized as one of the most efficient substitutes for physically removing canal sediment. The spatially varied flow in the channel and the rotational flow behavior in the tube make the silt removal process complex. It is even harder to accurately predict the silt removal efficiency by traditional models accurately. However, artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning approaches have emerged as robust substitutes for studying complex processes. Therefore, this research makes use of AI approaches; support vector machine (SVM), random forest (RF), random tree (RT), and multivariate adaptive regression spline (MARS) to compute the vortex tube silt ejection efficiency using the laboratory data sets. The outcomes of the artificial intelligence (AI)-based techniques also were compared with traditional models. It was found that the RT model (root mean square error, RMSE = 2.165, Nash Sutcliffe efficiency, NSE = 0.98) outperforms the other applied approaches which had relatively more significant result errors. The sensitivity analysis of the process depicts the extraction ratio as the key parameter in the computation of vortex tube silt ejector removal efficiency. The findings of the AI-based approaches discussed in the current study might be helpful for hydraulic engineers as well as researchers in the assessment of the removal efficiency of vortex tube silt ejectors.
Keywords: Vortex tube silt ejector; Support vector machine; Random forest; Random tree; Multivariate adaptive regression spline